Difference Between Chemical and Nuclear Reactions

Before I head on to discuss the types of Chemical reaction let me first distinguish between a Nuclear reaction and a Chemical reactions. Often I have seen that some younger fellows are unaware of the fact that these both are two different things. This unawareness may be due to the lack of conceptual understanding of the structure of atom.

An atom is composed of a nucleus at the center having protons and neutrons packed in it. While the third particle, electron, circles around the nucleus. All the Chemical reactions are associated with the transfer,sharing,loss and gain of electrons. They have nothing to do with the nucleus.

On the other hand, the nuclear reaction are entirely associated with the nucleus of the atom and have nothing to do with electrons. The nuclear reactions are actually associated with the decomposition of the nucleus which changes it to another atom due to the loss of protons and neutrons.
In general a chemical reaction has a very low energy change associated with it, where as a nuclear reaction has a very high energy change.

Redox Reactions

A “redox” reaction involves the reduction and oxidation of the reactants, thereby changing the oxidation numbers of atoms taking part in the chemical reaction, through an exchange of electrons.
Examples of well-known redox reactions include the rusting of metal, the chemical reaction inside a battery, and combustion of hydrocarbons.

The roaring fire shown to the left is an example of the rapid oxidization of the hydrocarbons making up the wood and the reduction of the Oxygen gas from the air. The, very rusty, Iron hammer to the bottom right is also being oxidized by the Oxygen in the air, but at a much slower rate than the burning wood.

The Activator

In the last section, we saw that a light stick is a housing for two chemical solutions, which give off light when they are combined. Before you activate the light stick, the two solutions are kept in separate chambers. The phenyl oxalate ester and dye solution fills most of the plastic stick itself. The hydrogen peroxide solution, called the activator, is contained in a small, fragile glass vial in the middle of the stick.

When you bend the plastic stick, the glass vial snaps open, and the two solutions flow together. The chemicals immediately react to one another, and the atoms begin emitting light. The particular dye used in the chemical solution gives the light a distinctive color.

Depending on which compounds are used, the chemical reaction may go on for a few minutes or for many hours. If you heat the solutions, the extra energy will accelerate the reaction, and the stick will glow brighter, but for a shorter amount of time. If you cool the light stick, the reaction will slow down, and the light will dim. If you want to preserve your light stick for the next day, put it in the freezer -- it won't stop the process, but it will drag out the reaction considerably.

Cover stories > Magical chemical reactions set audience ‘on fire’

M&Ms that spontaneously combust, metal that melts itself and elephant toothpaste—these are just some of the magical displays that faculty and students from the Carleton University department of chemistry performed to packed houses on February 23, 2008. Here, Professor Jeffrey Manthorpe demonstrates how surface area can affect the rate of a reaction. Blowing a powder such as lycopodium into a flame, as Manthorpe is doing, causes the substance to burn. However, when a match is held to a handful of the powder, nothing happens.

Chips for brain chemistry

29 August 2006
US scientists have designed a chip that can analyse chemical changes in the brain.
Nicholas Cellar and Robert Kennedy at the University of Michigan have made a sensor that can be used to monitor levels of neurotransmitters in vivo. Kennedy says the device could be used by neuroscientists to study chemical changes associated with behaviour and disease.

Kennedy described how the chip has been adapted to allow users to analyse brain chemicals remotely. Nanolitre samples of fluid are taken from the brain and flow into channels in the device. Here the neurotransmitters react to form fluorescent products which are separated and then detected externally.
"The chip combines sampling, on-line analysis, high efficiency separation and low detection limits"'The chip combines sampling, on-line analysis, high efficiency separation and low detection limits,' Kennedy explained. It makes it 'possible to monitor chemicals in the complex environment of the central nervous system, with high selectivity and sensitivity over extended periods.'
James Landers, an expert in bioanalytical chemistry at the University of Virginia, US, welcomed the findings. 'This work shows that what has been done in the past in capillary-based systems can be achieved on-chip without loss of resolution or sensitivity. Such integrated systems represent an important element in the future of analytical techniques that will be used to interrogate biological systems,' said Landers. Kennedy explained that at present, the chip can detect five neurotransmitters but, since there are over 200 neurotransmitters, there are many more assays to develop.
In the future, it may be possible to use the device to assess brain damage in people with trauma injuries"'In the future, it may be possible to use the device to assess brain damage in people with trauma injuries as the sensor could look at small regions of the brain or probe multiple regions at once,' said Kennedy. It may also be a way of delivering drugs to particular brain regions.
Alison Stoddart

The Task

You need to understand the difference between a physical and chemical changes and acids and bases in order to design your presentation. Your group will research and perform experiments to discover how they differ.

It is your responsibility to learn the difference between physical and chemical changes. You will record these findings in your science journal.
You will also complete assigned experiments in order to determine chemical and physical changes.

For your final product, your group will be designing a PowerPoint presentation for to present to the Board explaining your results from your experiments as well as any findings through your research.

This PowerPoint presentation will be presented to the Board of Cate Chemical Corporation in one week.

Demonstrating a Chemical vs. Physical Change

This is a standard demo, one I did with my 8th grade Physical Science class and it stuck with them. It uses sugar to show the difference between a physical change and a chemical change. The first step is to dissolve sugar in water and then evaporating the water over a low flame. I usually use a beaker over a burner. The sugar will crystallize out and can be dried and returned to its original form.

The second step involves heating sugar in a test tube until it carmelizes and turns to carbon. The kids smell the change and associate the smell with a property change. We try but can’t get the mess to turn back into sugar.

If you haven’t done this before, don’t go by the picture, it’s just a photo I found on the web. You want to gently heat the test tube with the sugar. You only need a small amount of sugar (1/2 at the bottom of the test tube) and if you do it slowly and carefully, you will first see the sugar melt and then start to change. Gently waft the odors to the students as it starts to change. If you go fast, you will stink up the place. I often hold the test tube in my hands as I heat the bottom. It doesn’t get hot if you go slowly.
I usually throw the test tube out, it’s just not worth cleaning it once the change takes place. If someone knows how to clean it easily, please comment. Thanks.

Welcome to GC3 Specialty Chemicals, Inc.

GC3 SPECIALTY CHEMICALS, INC. is a manufacturer of specialty chemicals for the electric utility, petroleum processing and chemical industries.

Water treatment products

Flue gas desulferization chemistries Petroleum process additives

Fugitive dust suppression technologies

COMMITTED to relationship building as the platform to technology transfer and continuous improvement. We are EXPERIENCED professionals who know your business and provide turnkey solutions. Complete chemical programs, analytical services and technical support – working with partners SOLVING problems world wide. Integrating our professional and technical personnel into your plant operations team leads to customized solutions. Better outcomes. BETTER BOTTOM LINES.
GC3 is the leader in specialty chemical technology. Simply the best water treatment company in the world.

Chemistry

Students in the graduate Chemistry programs have an exciting opportunity to do cutting edge research. Chernoff Hall, the new chemistry building, offers a place to conduct intense research, to collaborate with supportive, award-winning faculty, and to take advantage of outstanding support facilities including Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Mass Spectrometry, and materials characterization. The Chemistry Innovation Council, a council of industry and government leaders that meets frequently with the chemistry department and with graduate students, provides a chance for students to get advice about career opportunities and make contacts with potential

Chemical Engineering

Students in Chemical Engineering graduate programs experience high-quality, challenging, and exciting interdisciplinary research in a dynamic and cohesive environment.
Graduate students have access to leading facilities within the department and the university, as well as to research groups with strong links to international researchers and industry (e.g. DuPont, Xerox, SAS, BP Chemicals France, Praxair). Finally, the program has a dynamic group of award-winning researchers that are strongly committed to research, graduate supervision and teaching at a nationally and internationally recognized research university.

Atlantic Coast Crushers - Crushers and Lumpbreakers

Atlantic Coast Crushers manufactures and sells crushers, lumpbreakers, pulverizers, granulators, comminutors and other size reduction machinery for the chemical process industries. We specialize in designing crushers and lumpbreakers, machinery that uses impact to shatter chunks, lumps, and agglomerations formed from friable materials. Reducing large, oversize chunks of material to a consistent, free flowing size allows product transport equipment to run at peak efficiency by removing potential line blockages before they occur, and also by increasing the available product surface area, which allows reactive processes (mixing, melting, dissolving, etc.) to occur more quickly and completely.
One of the standard machine designs described below is suitable for most applications. However please note that because of the diverse nature of our customer base Atlantic Coast Crushers is constantly creating new custom designs and/or variations of existing units for specific applications or processes and we can accommodate many special requirements.

Green Chemistry Grows From Grass Roots

Green chemistry, or sustainable chemistry as it is sometimes known, is defining the way in which the chemical and allied industries develop new products and processes. In general, it means the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances.
In addition, it includes the 'cradle to cradle' concept whereby the life-cycle of a product can be tracked from the production of the basic materials to the manufacture, use and subsequent disposal, all of which should not have a negative impact on the environment. But as well as the positive environmental impact, green chemistry can also lead to significantly reduced plant operating costs, benefiting business.
Established chemical production processes have seen changes which have led to reduced energy and water consumption, minimised by-products and even noise reduction. A well-documented example is Shell Chemical's styrene production process.
Changes since 1980, when the company first commercially produced styrene monomer, mean that Shell's newest plants use 35% less energy for every tonne of material produced, while emissions to air have been cut by 90%.

RO Plant Chemicals

We are catering superior range of RO Plant chemicals, which is the latest technology to remove all excess total dissolved solids, chemicals in water up to 95%. It removes bacteria and virus to a level of 99% ++ and restores the original taste and quality of water. Other purification methods have no effect on TDS level of water. Apart from this, we are also offering customized solutions to our clients as per the specifications of the clients in given time limit.

Spheres of Influence

Chemical Reaction: The U.S. Response to REACH
Harvey Black
Abstract

The European Union's (EU) new chemical regulation scheme, known as REACH (Registration, Evaluation, and Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) , entered into force on 1 June 2007, and chemical companies around the world are working to determine how the legislation affects them and their businesses. The influence of REACH is also being felt in the United States, both in new state legislation and in a North American agreement on chemical assessment and risk management. Some insiders believe the regulations will unfairly burden smaller companies and stifle innovation, but others see REACH as an opportunity for chemical manufacturers and downstream users to coordinate their efforts to protect the environment while bolstering a more sustainable chemical industry.

Reactive Chemicals

To safely handle and use chemicals (or products that incorporate chemicals), users must understand the hazards associated with these materials. In particular, certain chemicals can spontaneously decompose or explode, especially at elevated temperature or pressure. Other chemicals may react violently when mixed with incompatible materials. These reactions may result in death and injury to people, damage to physical property, and severe effects to the environment. All chemical reactions involve energy changes. The activation energy is the energy necessary to start the reaction, and the heat of reaction is the energy released (or absorbed) during the reaction. An exothermic chemical reaction releases energy, while an endothermic reaction absorbs energy. If a chemical reaction releases energy, either very rapidly or in very large quantities, and the process cannot absorb the excess energy, it has the potential to damage the containment structure or surroundings. Accordingly, mitigation strategies for reactive hazards are typically focused on controlling the rate and extent of energy release. Because most reactions speed up at higher temperature and pressure, a typical strategy to prevent a chemical runaway reaction requires active cooling or venting. While classic thermodynamics allows a top-level view of whether a specific reaction can or cannot occur under given conditions of temperature or pressure, the rate at which the reaction will actually occur has to be determined by incorporating experimental or numerical tools from a chemical kinetics repertoire. By balancing the rate of energy release against the rate that the energy is absorbed (or otherwise used up), it is possible to predict whether a specific chemical combination will cause a runaway chemical reaction.

Exponent engineers and scientists have significant experience in evaluating reactive chemical hazards for a wide variety of industrial, commercial, and residential applications. For more than 40 years, we have investigated thousands of incidents, ranging from large explosions or detonations caused by a runaway chemical reaction, to small fires caused by the self heating of oil-soaked rags stored in a manner that allowed trapped heat to accumulate. Results of our research and investigations are frequently published or presented in peer-reviewed journals and technical symposia, including the Loss Prevention Symposium sponsored by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) and the Mary Kay O’Conner Process Safety Center at the Texas A&M University. Exponent also conducts audits of chemical and industrial processes, and offers design review and chemical analysis of consumer products and equipment to determine compliance with applicable United Nations (UN), U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), and other federal and state regulations. We also assist our clients in developing appropriate risk management, mitigation, and hazard communication strategies.

Our skill set integrates the latest analytical, numerical, and experimental techniques and includes expertise in the following areas:

Reactive chemical hazard analysis
Chemical compatibility studies
Chemical kinetics evaluation
Chemical instability studies
Risk assessment
Process Hazards Analysis (PHA)
Ignition modeling
Calorimetric studies
Self heating evaluation and analysis
State and federal code compliance and evaluation
Analysis of transportation and storage regulations
Hazardous waste disposal
Review and interpretation of chemical purity analysis
Review and development of EPA-mandated Risk Management Programs (RMPs)

Diet Coke and Mentos

Simply drop a Mentos candy into Diet Coke will cause a huge gush of fizz from the top as seen in the picture above.
Diet Coke and Mentos is probably one of the most popular, renown chemical reactions all around. This “Internet Phenomenon” was started in 1999 by a school teacher Lee Marek.
The reaction is caused by the caffeine, potassium benzoate, aspartame, and CO2 gas contained inside of the Diet Coke and the gelatin and gum Arabic ingredients of the Mentos. These together cause an explosive release of CO2 quickly expanding and causing the “Jet” effect.
This can be a safe and fun Chemical reaction experiment. Simply get Diet Coke (As it works the best) and Mentos (Without the Waxy shells).

Boiling Wax and Liquid

I do not advice trying this. If you do you will more than likely get burned.
In the screenshot I took above from a YouTube video on someone trying this shows the combustion that happens when you add Boiling Wax to a Liquid.
Okay the explanation for this happening. Combustion needs three things to occur: Fuel(The Wax), Heat and Oxygen. They are the basic things fire need. Without them fire cannot occur.
So you have Wax for heat and you have applied heat to that Wax. The only place the Wax gets oxygen is where the Wax and Air touch,so only the surface of the wax will be burning.
Then you add it to the water. The water turns to vapour expanding and pushing out itself and lots of wax in a cloud of small droplets. Now you have lots of heated wax, rapidly interacting with oxygen over a huge surface area. You have all three ingredients for combustion in supply. Then they combust.

Sodium and Water in Chlorine Gas

In the screenshot of a video on YouTube above it shows Sodium in Chlorine Gas (Yellow). When you add water to the Sodium when it is in the Chlorine it burst into flames. Whats left from the reaction is regular table salt.
Hope you liked the few I put on here.
I would have put more but other sites had a lot of the ones I could find here is a link to a site that has a lot;
There are also some on Youtube if you search Chemical Reactions

Renewable Energy Corporation Silicon III Plant, USA

Renewable Energy Corporation's (REC) silicon plant at Moses Lake, Washington was started in August 2002 by REC Solar Grade Silicon (REC Silicon), a joint venture between REC group and Advanced Silicon Materials LLC (ASiMl, a subsidiary of the Japanese industrial group Komatsu Ltd). The silicon production unit was a former plant of ASiMl, which REC Silicon converted into a dedicated plant for solar-grade silicon production.
Production at the existing plant was started in November 2002. The plant came under the ownership of REC when the group fully acquired ASiMl and REC Silicon in 2005. REC has another silicon production plant in the US at Butte, Montana.
In May 2006 the group announced its decision to invest in a third silicon manufacturing plant(Silicon III) in Moses Lake, adjacent to its existing plant at the location. The plant was announced as a part of REC's plan to more than double its polysilicon production from 5,300MT (2005 production) to approximately 13,000MT. It would also be able to produce 9,000MT of silane gas.

Changing the Petrochemical Playing Field

Across the Middle East some nine million metric tonnes of ethylene capacity came on stream between the first quarters of 2008 and 2009. With more material becoming available in the region through 2009 and into 2010, this is a large amount in the midst of difficult economic times by anyone's standards.
Being driven by demand growth from Asia and China, plans were put in place several years ago for new production in countries such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran and Qatar. The rich stream of accessible feedstock and good access to the growing markets meant that petrochemical producers and investors were eager to make the billion-dollar investments needed to establish integrated chemical complexes and associated facilities.
In these tough times, however, are companies taking fright and scaling back or even pulling out of major construction projects? In the Middle East, at least, it seems not. In fact, many producers are looking at the situation as part of the ongoing cyclical nature of the petrochemical industry

Power supply

The power plants in the Haripur-Ashuganj belt region of Bangladesh require continuous gas supply to generate power. The Bangladesh Chemicals and Industries Corporation (BCIC) closed down Polash Urea Fertiliser Limited and Urea Fertiliser Limited at Ghorashal as per the government directive to divert gas to power plants in the Haripur-Ashuganj belt. The closure of the fertiliser factories provided no major benefit as they were consuming only around 30 million cubic feet of gas per day.
Petrobangla, the Bangladesh Oil, Gas and Mineral Corporation initially wanted CUFL to be closed down as it consumes around 50mmcfd of gas. It was considered that the closure of CUFL would result in an increase in power generation from the Rauzan plant in Chittagong. Petrobangla faces constraints in the gas transmission network to supply additional gas to Chittagong.
By diverting gas supply from CUFL to Rauzan's power plant, the power production can be increased to around 360MW, and the power crisis in Chittagong would be lessened. Rauzan currently gets only 40mmcfd of gas against its demand of 90mmcfd.

Chemical Management

Risk Management Measures For Chemical usage
Risk management measures such as chemical assessment, selection and control procedures, hazardous gas management systems, segregated exhaust systems, safety interlocks, are commonplace in semiconductor facilities (fabs). New fabs use totally enclosed processes, automation, and chemical delivery systems to create a barrier between workers and the process and to protect against chemical and physical hazards in the work environment. In many cases, secondary and even tertiary redundancy to these controls ensures that the necessary protection will be provided if one control fails. Because of the considerable control measures within a state-of-the-art semiconductor fab, under normal operating conditions, workers are not exposed to chemical or physical hazards. Numerous voluntary guidelines developed through the industry suppliers (Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International) promote manufacturing equipment designs that minimize risk to workers whether during normal operation or during maintenance procedures.

Life sciences and fine chemical industries

For the life sciences and fine chemical industries, Evonik Degussa offers a broad range of precious metal powder and activated base metal catalysts and services throughout the metal loop. The life sciences and fine chemicals industries use catalytic reactions in a wide variety of applications, typically conducted in batch processes. These industries have an extensive range of catalytic needs from the optimum catalyst and reaction conditions in the process, to health and safety, strict confidentiality, right through to final product recycle or disposal.